<div id="edo-message"><div><div>Oh, that's very interesting. We could potentially build a noise profile for any camera. </div><div><br></div><div>But need to learn how to translate data from a bias frame into a value.</div><div><br></div><div id="edo-signature"><pre></pre></div></div></div><div id="edo-original"><div><blockquote type="cite" style="margin: 1ex 0 0 0 !important; border-left: 1px #ccc solid !important; padding-left: 0.4ex !important;"><div id="edo-meta">On Mar 4, 2023 at 11:19 AM, Warren <<a href="mailto:warren.craddock@gmail.com">warren.craddock@gmail.com</a>> wrote: <br><br></div><div dir="auto">Hey all, I believe you can directly measure read noise from a series of bias frames, which are taken at the shortest possible exposure duration. That eliminates dark current and photon shot noise, leaving only the read noise.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">I don’t think it’s necessary to make a database of popular cameras. :)</div><div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sat, Mar 4, 2023 at 10:16 AM <a href="mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net">joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net</a> <<a href="mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net">joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)">
<div>
<p>Hi Jasem,</p>
<p>I don't believe that we would be able to measure (or distinguish)
the read noise from an image. My understanding of read noise is
that it is introduced during the process where the analog to
digital converter is reading the pixel values on the sensor when
the exposure is completed and the data is being prepared in a
buffer for transmission over the USB connection. <br>
</p>
<p>I'd used a graph from the ZWO website for the gain to read noise
values on my camera. But I just looked at the QHY website and see
some similar graphs. The QHY graph is actually more detailed than
what I've seen on ZWO site.<br>
</p>
<p><img src="cid:186ae0b26a1bc89e8061" alt="" style="width: 844px; max-width: 100%;"></p>
<p>So it would be a bit tedious to transcribe these values from the
graphs for every possible camera. Maybe I can contact ZWO and QHY
to see if they will provide raw data for their cameras.</p></div><div>
<p><br>
</p>
<div>On 3/4/23 09:19, Jasem Mutlaq wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">Hello Joseph,
<div><br>
</div>
<div>You can use QtCreator which is easier for UI Qt designs.
But you can use any IDE you feel comfortable with. Is the
sensor gain to read noise ratio something that can be measured
from FITS Viewer by perhaps capturing a few imagers with
different gains + exposure values?</div>
<div><br clear="all">
<div>
<div dir="ltr" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>--</div>
<div>Best Regards,<br>
Jasem Mutlaq<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sat, Mar 4, 2023 at 8:01 PM
<a href="mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net" target="_blank">joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net</a>
<<a href="mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net" target="_blank">joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)">
<div>
<p>Thank you Jasem,</p>
<p>I have not yet setup a dev environment for KStars; I
normally use Eclipse, but I will install one of the
recommended IDEs. For most of the last 20 years of my
career I was developing middle tier code, no recent user
interface work. So I'll need to ramp back up on UI
development. A few folks have offered to mentor me on
integrating this into KStars. So I'll get rolling on this
shortly.</p>
<p>I did not realize that I could get SQM from Indi/Ekos,
that solves a big concern for me!<br>
</p>
<p>There is another dependency for the calculation. My code
has a small reference table that relates the imaging
sensor gain value to a sensor read noise value. I've only
built one table so far; for my ZWO ASI-071. So I'll need
to work on building tables for other cameras, (but it
might be better if I built a curve-fitted functions for
this because the tables limit the gain selection to
specific values). <br>
</p>
<p>Would you happen to have list of the most commonly used
cameras?<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div>On 3/4/23 00:12, Jasem Mutlaq wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">Hello Joseph,
<div><br>
</div>
<div>This would be an *outstanding* feature to add to
KStars! Thank you for working on it. It would require
an interface and also proper integration with the rest
of KStars & INDI infrastructure, for example, the
filters used..etc.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Would this be better suited for FITS Viewer
integration? </div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>SQM & F-Ratios can be retrieved from INDI/Ekos,
we probably need to add a field for the filter
band-pass in the equipment manager.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Do you have a development environment ready as per
the instructions in KStars Gitlab? <a href="https://invent.kde.org/education/kstars" target="_blank">https://invent.kde.org/education/kstars</a></div>
<div><br clear="all">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>--</div>
<div>Best Regards,<br>
Jasem Mutlaq<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Mar 3, 2023 at
8:16 PM <a href="mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net" target="_blank">joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net</a>
<<a href="mailto:joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net" target="_blank">joseph.mcgee@sbcglobal.net</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204)">
<div>
<p>Hi All,</p>
<p>I'm a retired software developer (mostly Java, C,
and some C++). I've been using KStars on a
Raspberry Pi (Ubuntu), since I got interested in
AP, (around 2020). Back in late 2021 I wrote an
optimal exposure time calculator (in Java), based
on the work of Dr Glover. I just got to thinking
that it might be a nice addition to KStars, and
today I found a request for it: <a href="https://indilib.org/forum/wish-list/5300-exposure-calulator.html?start=12" target="_blank">https://indilib.org/forum/wish-list/5300-exposure-calulator.html?start=12</a></p>
<p>My current code is pretty simple but has no user
interface. It uses a few classes for
configuration, a table of sensor gain to read
noise, observation site location SQM value, optics
F ratio data, and (experimentally) a filter
bandpass table. The code just iterates through
all the combinations of the inputs to output tab
delimited data to the console, that I copy into a
spreadsheet.</p>
<p>Keep in mind that the exposure time calculations
are optimal (per Dr Glover), but not necessarily
practical. I've seen a slow optic, with a filter,
in very dark skies, produce a optimal sub
exposure time calculation that exceeded 3 hours.<br>
</p>
<p>If this were integrated into KStars, we would
obviously need to provide a means for a user to
input some of their own configuration information.<br>
</p>
<p>Please let me know if you'd like to consider
integrating this into KStars, (I would need
coaching/help if I were to take this on). <br>
</p>
<p>Example output:<br>
</p>
<p>I have my code configured for the read noise for
my main imaging camera, (a ZWO ASI-071 Color), SQM
data for four observation sites. F ratios for
four optics, and bandpass info for two filters.
And I'm using an allowable noise increase of 5%.<br>
</p>
<p>A small section of the output provides this
information for a given site, optic, and sensor
gain selection:<br>
</p>
<p> </p>
<br>
<table width="635" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<colgroup><col width="192"> <col width="140"> <col width="291"> </colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="192" height="13">
<p align="left"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="140">
<p align="left"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="291">
<p align="left"><br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="192" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Site
Name:</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="140">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">Chuchupate</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="291">
<p align="left"><br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="192" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Sky
Quality:</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="140">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">21.65</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="291">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">magnitude
per arc-second2</font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="192" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Light
Pollution Base Rate:</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="140">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">19.6</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="291">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">e per
second</font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="192" height="13">
<p align="left"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="140">
<p align="left"><br>
</p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="291">
<p align="left"><br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<br>
<table width="631" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<colgroup><col width="190"> <col width="197"> <col width="232"> </colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="190" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Optic
Name:</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="197">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">Esprit
100</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="232">
<p align="left"><br>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="190" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Light
Pollution Rate:</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="197">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">0.65</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="232">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">e per
second for f/5.5 optic</font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<br>
<table width="438" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<colgroup><col width="199"> <col width="232"> </colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="199" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Camera
Sensor Gain:</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="232">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">50</font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="199" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Read
Noise:</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="232">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">2.78</font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<br>
<table width="986" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<colgroup><col width="234"> <col width="213"> <col width="184"> <col width="165"> <col width="170"> </colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="234" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Filter</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="213">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Optimal
Sub-exposure (sec)</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="184">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Shot
pollution electrons</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="165">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Exposure
shot noise</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="170">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Exposure
total noise</b></font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="234" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">No
Filter</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="213">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">349.1</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="184">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">226.2</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="165">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">15</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="170">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">15.3</font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="234" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">Optolong
l-Pro</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="213">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">634.8</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="184">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">411.3</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="165">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">20.3</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="170">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">20.5</font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="234" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">Optolong
l-Enhance</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="213">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">3174</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="184">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">2056.3</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="165">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">45.3</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="170">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">45.4</font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"><font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">And accumulated data for imaging
sessions of 1 to 5 hours:</font></font></p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<table width="2107" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<colgroup><col width="139"> <col width="123"> <col width="123"> <col width="130"> <col width="123"> <col width="123"> <col width="130"> <col width="130"> <col width="123"> <col width="130"> <col width="130"> <col width="123"> <col width="130"> <col width="130"> <col width="123"> <col width="130"> </colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="139" valign="bottom" height="13">
<p align="center"> <br>
</p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border:none;padding:0in" width="384">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">3,600.00
seconds</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border:none;padding:0in" width="384">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">7,200.00
seconds</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border:none;padding:0in" width="392">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">10,800.00
seconds</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border:none;padding:0in" width="391">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">14,400.00
seconds</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border:none;padding:0in" width="392">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">18,000.00
seconds</b></font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="139" height="13">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Filter</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Exposure
Count</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Stack
Total Time</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Stack
total noise</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Exposure
Count</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Stack
Total Time</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Stack
total noise</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Exposure
Count</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Stack
Total Time</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Stack
total noise</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Exposure
Count</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Stack
Total Time</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Stack
total noise</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Exposure
Count</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Stack
Total Time</b></font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1"><b style="font-family:"Andale Mono"">Stack
total noise</b></font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="139" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">No
Filter</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">10</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">3491.44</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">48.37</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">21</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">7332.03</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">70.09</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">31</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">10823.47</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">85.16</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">41</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">14314.92</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">97.93</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">52</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">18155.51</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">110.29</font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="139" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">Optolong
l-Pro</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">6</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">3808.85</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">50.14</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">11</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">6982.89</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">67.89</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">17</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">10791.73</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">84.4</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">23</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">14600.58</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">98.17</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">28</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">17774.62</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">108.31</font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="139" height="13">
<p align="left"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">Optolong
l-Enhance</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">1</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">3174.04</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">45.43</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">2</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">6348.08</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">64.25</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">3</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">9522.12</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">78.69</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">5</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">15870.2</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">101.59</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">6</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="123">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">19044.24</font></font></p>
</td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0in" width="130">
<p align="center"> <font face="Andale Mono" style="font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font style="font-size:8pt;font-family:"Andale Mono";color:rgb(0,0,0)" size="1">111.29</font></font></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"><br>
</p>
<p style="line-height:100%;margin-bottom:0in"> </p>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote></div></div>
<br></blockquote></div></div>